Medically reviewed by Richard Lewis Martin III, M.D., M.P.H. • Tennessee Oncology
As the second-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States, colorectal cancer serves as a significant public health concern, but it is also one of the most preventable and treatable cancers when detected early. At Tennessee Oncology, our goal is to educate and empower patients with the information they need to protect and advocate for their health. Throughout this article, our team answers common questions about colorectal cancer screening, symptoms, risk factors, prevention strategies, and when to see a doctor.
What Is Colorectal Cancer?
Colorectal cancer begins in the colon or rectum, which are parts of the large intestine in the digestive system. Most colorectal cancers start as polyps, which are small growths on the inner lining of the colon or rectum. While not all polyps become cancerous, some can develop into cancer over time if not detected and removed. When properly screened, imaging can find polyps before they turn into cancer.
Why Screening Is So Important
Colorectal cancer often develops slowly and may not cause symptoms in its early stages. When caught early, the five-year survival rate for localized colorectal cancer is over 90%. Unfortunately, many cases are diagnosed at later stages, when treatment becomes more complex. That’s why screening is critical, and allows doctors to:
- Detect precancerous polyps and remove them
- Identify cancer at an early, more treatable stage
- Significantly reduce the risk of death from colorectal cancer
When Should You Get Screened?
The American Cancer Society recommends that individuals at average risk begin regular colorectal cancer screening at age 45. You may need to start earlier if you have:
- A family history of colorectal cancer or advanced polyps
- A personal history of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis)
- A genetic condition such as Lynch syndrome or familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
- A personal history of colorectal cancer or certain types of polyps
Your healthcare provider can help determine the right screening schedule based on your personal and family history.
Common Colorectal Cancer Screening Tests
There are several screening options available, and your primary care provider can help determine which screening method is best for you. But, the best test is the one that gets done, and done on schedule.
- Colonoscopy: A colonoscopy is considered the gold standard. During this procedure, a physician uses a flexible camera to examine the entire colon and remove polyps if found. Typically performed every 10 years for average-risk individuals, colonoscopy allows for both detection and prevention.
- Stool-Based Tests: These tests detect blood or abnormal DNA in stool samples and are done at home. They include:
- Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
- Stool DNA tests
If a stool-based test is abnormal, a follow-up colonoscopy is required.
- CT Colonography: Also known as a “virtual colonoscopy,” this imaging test is usually done every five years.
Signs and Symptoms of Colorectal Cancer
In its early stages, colorectal cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms. That’s why routine screening is critical. However, you should contact your doctor if you experience:
- Changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or narrowing of stool)
- Blood in the stool (bright red or dark)
- Rectal bleeding
- Persistent abdominal discomfort (cramps, gas, pain)
- A feeling that the bowel does not empty completely
- Weakness or fatigue
- Unexplained weight loss
If you experience any of these symptoms, especially if they persist, it’s important to speak with your primary care provider or oncology specialist promptly. These symptoms do not always mean cancer, but they should never be ignored.
Risk Factors for Colorectal Cancer
While some risk factors cannot be changed, others can be. Non-modifiable risk factors include:
- Age (risk increases after 45)
- Family history
- Genetic syndromes
- Personal history of polyps
Modifiable risk factors include:
- Smoking
- Heavy alcohol use
- Obesity
- Physical inactivity
- Diet high in processed or red meats
Tips to Reduce Your Risk of Colorectal Cancer
Although not all colorectal cancer can be prevented, you can take meaningful steps to protect your health:
- Stay Up to Date on Screenings: Screening remains the most powerful tool for prevention.
- Eat a Balanced Diet: Focus on items like fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and limiting processed and red meats
- Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer.
- Exercise Regularly: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate activity per week.
- Avoid Tobacco and Limit Alcohol: Both are linked to increased colorectal cancer risk.
Colorectal Cancer in Younger Adults
One concerning trend is the increasing incidence of colorectal cancer in adults under 50. While researchers are still studying why this is happening, it underscores the importance of:
- Not dismissing symptoms due to age
- Knowing your family history
- Talking to your doctor about early screening if you have concerns
What Happens After a Diagnosis?
At Tennessee Oncology, our multidisciplinary teams work together to develop personalized treatment plans focused on both effectiveness and quality of life. If colorectal cancer is diagnosed, treatment depends on a variety of things from:
- The stage of cancer
- Tumor location
- Molecular characteristics
- Overall health of the patient
Treatment may include:
- Surgery: Often the primary treatment, especially in early-stage disease.
- Chemotherapy: Used to destroy cancer cells or reduce recurrence risk.
- Radiation Therapy: More commonly used in rectal cancer.
- Targeted Therapy: Medications that specifically attack cancer cell pathways.
- Immunotherapy: Helps the body’s immune system fight cancer, particularly effective in certain genetic subtypes.
Supporting a Loved One With Colorectal Cancer
Emotional and practical support can make a significant difference during treatment. If someone you care about has been diagnosed:
- Offer to attend appointments
- Help with transportation or meals
- Encourage open communication
- Connect them with support groups
Time To Take Action? Here Are Next Steps
If you believe it’s time to take action in your health journey, here are initial steps you can take to help set you on the right path:
- If you’re 45 or older, schedule your screening.
- If you have symptoms, talk to your doctor.
- If you’ve been putting off a colonoscopy, now is the time.
Colorectal cancer is preventable, treatable, and beatable — especially when detected early. If you have questions about colorectal cancer screening or treatment options, our team here at Tennessee Oncology is committed to delivering compassionate, expert cancer care when you need it most.
—
This content is intended for educational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Treatment decisions should always be made in consultation with a qualified healthcare provider.
