Medically reviewed by Michael P. Stany, M.D. • Tennessee Oncology Women’s Health Center
January is Cervical Cancer Awareness Month, a time dedicated to education, prevention, and early detection of a disease that remains highly preventable and, when caught early, very treatable. We at Tennessee Oncology believe one of our most powerful tools against cervical cancer is knowledge: understanding risk factors, recognizing the importance of screening, and knowing when to seek care.
What Is Cervical Cancer?
Cervical cancer begins in the cells of the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. In most cases, cervical cancer develops slowly over time, starting with precancerous changes that can be detected through routine screening. This slow progression is exactly why regular gynecologic care is so important, giving us the opportunity to identify and address abnormal cells before cancer develops.
The majority of cervical cancer cases are linked to persistent infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common virus that is often spread through intimate skin-to-skin contact. While many HPV infections resolve on their own, some high-risk strains can lead to cellular changes in the cervix over time.
The Importance of Screening
Routine screening saves lives. Pap tests and HPV tests are designed to detect abnormal cervical cells or high-risk HPV before symptoms ever appear. When these changes are identified early, they can often be treated before progressing to cancer.
Screening recommendations may vary based on age, medical history, and prior test results, which is why it’s important to have ongoing conversations with your healthcare provider about what schedule is right for you. If it has been a while since your last screening, or if you’re unsure whether you’re up to date, Cervical Cancer Awareness Month is an excellent time to take that next step.
Prevention Starts Early
One of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of cervical cancer is HPV vaccination. The vaccine protects against the most common high-risk HPV types associated with cervical cancer and is recommended for adolescents and young adults, with some adults benefiting as well. Vaccination, combined with routine screening, offers powerful protection.
Other preventive measures include avoiding tobacco use, practicing safe sexual health behaviors, and maintaining regular medical care. While not all risk factors are within our control, many are – and small, proactive steps can make a meaningful difference.
Recognizing Symptoms
Early cervical cancer often causes no symptoms, which again highlights the importance of screening. When symptoms do occur, they may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, or discomfort during intercourse. These symptoms can be caused by many conditions, but they should never be ignored. Prompt evaluation allows us to determine the cause and, if needed, begin treatment as early as possible.
Treatment and Support
If cancer is diagnosed, treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination of these approaches, depending on the stage and individual circumstances.
Just as important as medical treatment is emotional support. A cancer diagnosis affects more than just the body: it impacts mental, emotional, and family well-being. Our teams at Tennessee Oncology are committed to walking alongside patients and their loved ones every step of the way, providing compassionate care and clear communication throughout the journey.
What You Can Do Today
Cervical Cancer Awareness Month is a reminder that prevention and early detection truly matter. We encourage women to prioritize routine screenings, talk with their healthcare providers about HPV vaccination, and seek medical attention if something doesn’t feel right. By staying informed and proactive, we can continue to reduce the impact of cervical cancer in our communities.
