Medically reviewed by Katy Beckermann, M.D., Ph.D. • Director of Genitourinary Cancer Research, Tennessee Oncology
Kidney cancer is one of the 10 most common cancers in the United States. Modern treatments have greatly improved outcomes for many patients.
At Tennessee Oncology, we strive to help patients understand kidney cancer, recognize the warning signs, and get expert care when they need it. Here are a few tips to get you started.
What Is Kidney Cancer?
Your kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that clean your blood. Kidney cancer happens when cells inside the kidney start growing out of control, and is most often found in adults between the ages of 55 and 75. It can, in some cases, be found on a scan before you even feel sick.
The most common type is called clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which accounts for about 90% of all kidney cancers. The most common subtype of RCC is clear cell renal cell carcinoma, making up roughly 75% of RCC cases. Other types include:
- Papillary
- Chromophobe
- Transitional cell carcinoma
What Are Risk Factors of Kidney Cancer?
A risk factor is something that raises your chance of getting a disease. Common risk factors for kidney cancer include:
- Smoking
- Obesity
- High blood pressure
- Family history of kidney cancer
- Chronic kidney disease or long-term dialysis
- Certain inherited conditions, such as von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease
If you have more than one of these risk factors, talk with your primary care provider.
What Are Symptoms or Warning Signs of Kidney Cancer?
Kidney cancer often has no symptoms in its early stages. Many cases are found by accident during imaging tests done for other reasons. When symptoms do appear, they may include:
- Blood in the urine
- Feeling very tired
- Pain in the side or lower back that does not go away
- Unexplained weight loss
- Fever without a clear cause
If you notice blood in your urine or have ongoing side or back pain, see a doctor right away.
Is There a Screening Test for Kidney Cancer?
Unlike some other cancers, there is no standard screening test for kidney cancer in people at average risk. Kidney cancer is most often found through imaging tests such as CT scans, MRIs, or ultrasounds done for other reasons.
People at higher risk, such as those with a strong family history or a known genetic syndrome, should talk with their doctor about whether regular imaging may be right for them.
How Is Kidney Cancer Diagnosed?
If your doctor thinks you may have kidney cancer, they may order:
- Imaging tests (CT scan, MRI, or ultrasound): These look at the size and location of a tumor and whether it has spread.
- Urine tests: These check for blood or abnormal cells.
- Blood tests: These check how your kidneys are working and your overall health.
- Surgery/Biopsy: In some cases, a small piece of tissue is removed and tested to confirm the diagnosis before treatment begins.
When Should You See a Doctor?
See a doctor if you have any of the following:
- Blood in your urine
- Persistent side or back pain
- Unexplained weight loss
- A family history of kidney cancer along with new symptoms that concern you
How Is Kidney Cancer Treated?
Treatment depends on the stage of the cancer, your overall health, and whether it has spread. Common treatment options include:
- Surgery: Removing the tumor (partial nephrectomy) or the whole kidney (radical nephrectomy) is often the first treatment when the cancer has not spread.
- Targeted therapy: These drugs block the specific signals that cancer cells use to grow.
- Immunotherapy: These drugs help your immune system find and attack cancer cells. They work by targeting proteins called PD-1 and CTLA-4 that cancer uses to hide. Immunotherapy has changed the way kidney cancer is treated.
- Radiation therapy: Sometimes used to control symptoms or in specific situations.
- Clinical Trials: Testing a new drug in addition to the standard of care
At Tennessee Oncology, we build personalized treatment plans using the latest research and therapies.
Can Kidney Cancer Be Prevented?
Not all kidney cancers can be prevented, but healthy habits can lower your risk:
- Stop smoking
- Keep a healthy weight
- Manage your blood pressure
- Stay physically active
- Eat plenty of fruits and vegetables
- Limit exposure to harmful chemicals
What Is the Outlook for Kidney Cancer?
When kidney cancer is found at an early stage, outcomes are very good. Localized kidney cancer has a five-year survival rate above 90%. Advanced kidney cancer requires more complex treatment, which is why recognizing symptoms early and seeing a doctor promptly matters.
Why Awareness Matters
Kidney cancer can affect anyone. Being aware of the symptoms and risk factors can help you take action sooner.
We encourage patients to:
- Learn the symptoms
- Know your risk factors
- Attend regular checkups with your primary care provider
- Talk openly with your doctor about any concerns
If you or someone you love has symptoms or concerns about kidney cancer, talk to your doctor. Getting answers can make a real difference in your care.
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This content is intended for educational purposes only and does not replace medical advice. Treatment decisions should always be made in consultation with a qualified healthcare provider.
